Taro (Colocasia esculenta) :: Botany

Taro (Colocasia esculenta) Breakthrough improvements in the major grain crops have increased world food production dramatically during the last twenty seven years. The advancements in grain production, however, have not brought significant benefits to areas where root crops are the major staples. Therefore, more emphasis should be directed toward such root crops as taro, which is a staple food in many developing nations of Asia, Africa, and the Pacific. Taro (Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott), a member of the Araceae family, is an ancient crop grown throughout the humid tropics for its edible corms and leaves, as well as for its traditional uses. In the Pacific, the crop attained supreme importance in the diets of the inhabitants. Quantitatively it has become, and still remains, as the most important crop. Today the plant is widely used throughout the world, in Africa, Asia, the West Indies, and South America. Taro is of great importance in many places such as the Caribbean, Hawaii, the Solomons, American Samoa, West Samoa, the Philippines, Fiji, Sri Lanka, India, Nigeria, Indonesia, New Hebrides, Tonga, Niue, Papua, New Guinea, Egypt, and others. In these areas many people depend heavily upon taro as a staple food. More recently, taro was introduced by the U. S. Department of Agriculture to the southern United States as a supplement to potatoes. Taro constituted the staff of life for the Hawaiians when Captain Cook arrived in the islands in 1778. At that time an estimated three hundred thousand people in the islands lived chiefly on poi (a fermented or unfermented taro paste), sweet potato, fish, seaweed, and a few green vegetables and fruits. They used no grain or animal milk in their diet, and animal proteins were a rarity. Yet the good physique and excellent teeth of the Polynesian people testified to an adequate diet. Taro has played a similar role in the diet of the Melanesians and Micronesians, who ate boiled or baked corms and the leaves of taro. Young taro leaves are used as a main vegetable throughout Melanesia and Polynesia. They are boiled or covered with coconut cream, wrapped in banana or breadfruit leaves and cooked on hot stone. Thus, taro is one of the few major staple foods where both the leaf and the underground parts are equally important in the human diet. Within the last sixty years, investigators have confirmed the superiority of taro over other starchy staples.

Phil 235 Paternalism Essay

Paternalism in the Medical Profession Philosophy 235 EC: Biomedical Ethics â€Å"The only appropriate and realistic model of the Dr.? patient relationship is paternalism. Doctors are the medical experts; most patients have little, if any, reliable medical knowledge; implicit trust in one’s physician is essential to the healing process; and doctors have the responsibility for our health and therefore have the duty to make all the important medical decisions. † Critically assess that claim. The issue of doctor patient relationships has become more and more prevalent in our world today.It is hard to draw a clear line in deciding what the appropriate roles are of both the patient and the medical professional. The claim that the paternalistic model is the appropriate and most realistic model will be argued in this paper. This model states that the doctor is the one in complete control, making all decisions on behalf of the patient, and the patient grants the doctor this resp onsibility, obeying any orders. In this model, patients act as children, who are ignorant and unknowledgeable, and doctors act as parents, not only guiding the child in the right direction, but also, actually telling them what to do.Should doctors really hold complete responsibility for our health? Should they be the ones to make all the important medical decisions without patients having any say? This model will be argued in this paper in order to critically assess whether it should be dominant in our present society. â€Å"The traditional view held by physicians themselves was that the physician is the captain of the ship, and that the patient has to follow orders. † This view has only been strongly believed since the 19th and 20th century, when medical professionals were granted almost complete control over all decision making by their patients.Before that time, going to see a doctor was perceived as a last resort, and many would ignore their doctor’s advice altoget her. Over time, this view has shifted and society began to believe that physicians â€Å"knew best, and therefore had not only the right but also the duty to make the decision. † Today, less and less citizens are continuing to agree with this point of view, and instead other doctor patient relationship models have emerged and been identified by Robert Veatch: the engineering model, the priestly model, the collegial, and the contractual model.The three alternative models to the priestly (paternalistic) model have emerged from a more contemporary perspective. The engineering model states that the relationship between the two parties would be nothing more than the doctor simply presenting the patient with the diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment options. Any decision as to which route to take is left entirely up to the patient. As the textbook explains, the doctor is nothing more than an â€Å"applied scientist†, or a â€Å"plumber without any moral integrity†, sinc e ethics and values do not come into play in this relationship.Although I do not entirely agree with this model, the responsibility is lifted off of the physician, and the patient is given freedom to decide. This would follow the argument of self-determination, as said by Dr. Ornstein. This is the belief that all people who are competent should be the ones in control of determining their own fate. Society has not always believed or relied on medical professionals. In fact â€Å"until well into the nineteenth century, the physician was seen as a figure of last resort. † They were deemed useless and even harmful.With this in mind, I wonder why in our day and age, we would rely even more on physicians than we did in the past? Today, we have the privilege of finding out almost anything we need to know within minutes via the Internet, and that is why sometimes, it is the patient that knows more than his own doctor. It is important that patients assume some level of responsibility for their own health, instead of relying on doctors, and the engineering model would display that type of behavior. That is another reason why I oppose the claim that paternalism is the ideal relationship between doctor and patient.Another alternative model identified by Robert Veatch, is the collegial model. This theory emphasizes that both parties are connected through common goals and interests, and that each acts as an independent equal. This model would suggest that the parties work together, and therefore the responsibility is divided equally amongst the patient and physician. There is collaboration here, engaging in activities, which are satisfying to both, and demonstrating an adult-adult relationship, because no one party has greater control over the other.This model goes hand in hand with the partnership model, which expresses that health care professionals and their patients act as partners or colleagues in the pursuit of the shared value of health. There is mutual partic ipation in this model, which demonstrates that, unlike the paternalistic model, the patient can help come to a medical decision. This model stresses, â€Å"the patient uses expert help to realize his ends. † This expert help can come in many forms, and as I have previously mentioned, today society is exposed to numerous modes of gathering any type of information that is of interest.It is of course obvious that the physician has a stronger medical background and is more competent in that field, but that does not diminish the participation or contribution of the patient. With that being said, it is my opinion that the paternalistic model has clearly outgrown our culture, when there are models such as the partnership or collegial model, which are more in sync with our world today. Finally, the third alternative to the paternalistic model is the contractual model.This model is similar to paternalism, in that it questions the assumptions of equality, however it differs in that the re is a â€Å"contract† between both parties, leaving each with their own dignity and moral authority. What is crucial about this model is that it does not neglect the fact that there is an obvious difference in the degree of knowledge between the patient and the physician. Instead of focusing on that discrepancy, the model concentrates on the agreement between the two parties to exchange goods and services and the enforcement of that by government sanctions.In other words, this model compromises between partnership and the reality of medical care, and according to Veatch, is the only realistic way to share all responsibility, while protecting various parties in health care. For example, both parties are freely entering this contract, and therefore are both given the right to leave it, given proper notice. However, while partaking in the contract, there are duties and obligations of each, which may neglect virtues of benevolence, care and compassion, which we do see stressed in other models.Leaving aside the three alternatives to the paternalistic model, there are several other arguments, which come to surface, when critically assessing the above-mentioned claim. The first is that doctors must act like parents because patients know much less than doctors do. This emphasizes the idea that the doctor patient relationship should be one of paternalism. This argument takes into account two different prototypes. The first is the parent-infant relationship, where the parent is the doctor, taking on an active role and the infant is the patient, taking on a passive role.In this case the patient is extremely dependent on the medical professional. The second is the parent-adolescent child relationship, where the physician guides the patient in the right direction, and the patient co-operates to the degree of obeying. Both suggest that the patient has no responsibility, and that the duty and obligation of all decisions rest on the shoulders of the physician. This p roposes that patients are ignorant and unknowledgeable and given the opportunity to make their own decision, they would not be able to.It is likely that doctors know more than the average member of society, however, this is not to say that they are infallible, mistakes can happen. As Professor Ornstein has stated, we cannot choose our fathers, but we can choose our doctors, and in my opinion there is no connection where the two should be related. If a patient feels they should seek out a second, third or fourth opinion, that is their own right. Unlike the ability to seek out a second, third or fourth father. We do not have this option.It is possible and even probable that doctors will differ in their views, and each may guide their patient down a different path. Although a relationship between a physician and a patient should be based on a degree of trust and loyalty, if there is any sort of uncertainty, patients should not feel the pressure of following a path they do not believe i n. Getting another opinion is not disloyal or disrespectful; it is a patient’s right. Additionally, today more patients recognize that it is unfair for doctors to take complete responsibility for our welfare, as we are exposed to so much free medical information.It is my opinion that it is the patient’s duty to also act responsible for his or her own welfare. Another argument that I have come across to oppose this claim is that doctors may be experts in medical matters but there may be other factors to take into account, such as ethical issues, when making a decision. Each doctor has taken an oath, to save lives. This is their main concern, and their main goal for each patient. One must wonder, whether or not this is always ethical. As Professor Ornstein has suggested, do we save someone who as a result must live the rest of his or her life in agonizing pain?Or do we relieve them of that pain, and simply allow them to pass away? This is an ethical issue where many doct ors may have opposing points of view, and may decide that their job would be to save the patient. That would be a paternalistic instinct however; medical decisions should not be purely medical all the time. There are always other factors to consider such as the medical conditions of the patient, their preferences, the quality of life and the socio economic conditions. Each, of course, is given a weight dependent on the specifics and circumstances of the case.In the case of a patient who is experiencing excruciating pain, the doctor may come to the conclusion that the best option would be to remedy that pain with medication. It is important to note, that this paternalistic act is ignoring all ethical issues and only taking medicine into account. Opposing this notion would be to consider how this medication might cloud the patient’s judgment, or recognizing the patient’s preferences prior to formulating a medical decision. Doctors might be experts in medical matters, but the other factors, which are necessary to take into consideration, deem the paternalistic view inadequate.A final argument against the paternalistic view is that physician-patient interactions are negotiations. Viewing the interactions as negotiations, is in itself opposing paternalism because the patient is given some level of autonomy to take part in the decision making process. The goal is to reach a mutual agreement. In order to do so, there are certain steps that must be followed. Firstly, the negotiation should involve adequate disclosures by both parties. This is necessary, so that values and objectives are clear, and a fair negotiation can take place. Secondly, the negotiation should be voluntary, meaning uncoerced.Neither party should feel threatened while entering into the negotiation process. And finally, the solution should be one of mutual acceptance. Of course there are occasions where negotiation is not possible, and that would be for example in the case of an emerge ncy, when the physician needs to save the patient without negotiating beforehand. In that case, the medical professional may act in a paternalistic way, however if there is a competent patient, negotiation is possible and can often be characterized in terms of any of the above-mentioned models (parent-child, friends, partners, etc. ).The aspect that the relationship is seen as a negotiation counters the paternalistic view, in that the patient is given choice. If the patient chooses to give up his autonomy, and lay his destiny in the hands of his physician, that is his preference, unlike the paternalistic model, where that is not a choice, but the only way. The paternalistic model is not the only realistic relationship between doctor and patient. â€Å"As a normative model, paternalism tends to concentrate on care rather than respect, patients’ needs rather than their rights, and physicians’ discretion rather than patients’ autonomy or self determination. As I h ave mentioned previously, there are many other factors that must always be taken into consideration when dealing with a patient. Autonomy, self-determination, and respect, are surely incredibly important when dealing with a patient, and paternalism ignores those factors. The above-mentioned arguments, and alternative relationship models, clearly oppose the claim that paternalism is the only appropriate relationship. As I had asked the questions: Should doctors really hold complete responsibility for our health?Should they be the ones to make all the important medical decisions without patients having any say? I believe the answer to both questions is quite clear, that the responsibility should be shared, and the patient, if capable, should take part in the decision making process. That being said, paternalism is not the most appropriate model and no one relationship trumps another. Instead, all must be taken into account depending on circumstance.

The Industrial Revolution Essay - 663 Words

The Industrial Revolution. The industrial revolution took place in the late 18th century, and the most changes were in the fields of agriculture, transportation and the country’s economic growth. It then spends widely throughout Europe, North America and the rest of the world. First of all, the industrial revolution was an enormous time in the history. The employment was on a rise and reached a peak. It also lead the rural-urban migration by the people in search of good jobs, better standard of living, education and so on. The huge buildings corporations attracted people towards it. The number of cities with populations more than 10,000 in England rose at the end of the century 19th. The technological change made the growth of†¦show more content†¦Industrial revolution brought a drastic change in the infrastructure and architecture. New towns were established and industries became bigger with the increment in their production channel. It leads the creation of a well-organized system of transportation with the adoption of steam engines. It also provided employment to 100 of the skilled workers with a good pay. The beginning of the industrial revolution brought the overall improvement towards the standard of living of the working people. It also encouraged the health and specialized hospitals. More than 80 specialized hospitals were opened to public in the year of 1780-1820 were health became the object for concern, not only the poor but for the nation. The revolution affected the modern machines where the invention of new machines such as spinning, jenny and power loom that permitted increased the production with smaller expenditure of the human power and energy. It leads to the development in transportation and communication as the application of science to the industry. A new organization of work known as the factory system, which entailed increased the division of labor and specialization of function. The second industrial revolution utilized the power of electricity to feed the hungryShow MoreRelatedIndustrial Of The Industrial Revolution1666 Words   |  7 PagesMartinez English IV, 1st hour 4/29/16 The Industrial Revolution The Industrial Revolution set people away from farms and small villages and moved them to cities and towns because of the job opportunities that arose in the cities. The Industrial Revolution not only helped people move along in the late 1700s and early 1800s but also it has made the people what they are today. During the Industrial Revolution, the movement from an agrarian society to an industrial one reshaped the roles of families, widenRead MoreThe Revolution Of The Industrial Revolution917 Words   |  4 PagesWhen thinking of the industrial revolution, I usually correlate this transitional period to great advancements in machinery, and an increase in jobs. However, after looking past the surface of the industrial revolution, in regards to the promise of great wealth, this promise was not kept, along with other issues. I believe that a â€Å"better life† would mean that people would not have to go through the same struggles they once did before the revolution, struggles such as not having a job, money, homeRead MoreThe Industrial Revolution943 Words   |  4 PagesThe Industrial Revolution, a Revolution that began in Britain in the nineteenth century, saw people move from working in the farming industry to working in factories. This transition from an agrarian society meant that many people moved to cities in search of jobs. New methods of manufacturing allowed goods to be produced far more cheaply and quickly than before. However, the Revolution came with its own negative consequences. The lives of children during the Industrial Revolution were torturousRead MoreThe Industrial Revolution1633 Words   |  7 Pagesmeans of communication, factories to manufacture the products you need, places to work, and ways to travel and transport goods. And what made these possible? The answer is the Industrial Revolution, which started in Europe around the year 1730. A revolution is a major change or turning point in something. The Industrial Revolution was a major turning point in history and in the way people lived. Their careers, living situations, location, values, and daily routines all changed, and they needed it desperatelyRead MoreThe Industrial Revolution1097 Words   |  5 PagesBefore the advent of the Industrial Revolution, most people resided in small, rural communities where their daily existences revolved around farming. Life for the average person was difficult, as incomes were meager, and malnourishment and disease were common. 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Overall these industrialization was filled with death, neglect, and disease but endedRead MoreThe Industrial Revolution936 Words   |  4 Pageseconomist Robert Emerson Lucas wrote in regards to the Industrial revolution: For the first time in history, the living standards of the masses of ordinary people have begun to undergo sustained growth. The novelty of the discovery that a human society has this potential for generating sustained improvement in the material aspects of the lives of all its members, not just the ruling elite, cannot be overstressed.† (Lucas 2002). The revolution itself was ce ntred in Britain before spreading to theRead MoreThe Industrial Revolution705 Words   |  3 PagesThe Industrial Revolution was the quintessence of capitalistic ideals; it bred controversy that led to Karl Marx’s idea of communism as a massive grass roots reaction to the revolution’s social abuses. 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Entrepreneurs and inventors put together various machines and businesses to help better the country function on aRead MoreThe Industrial Revolution Essay2099 Words   |  9 PagesThe Industrial Revolution was one of the largest social and cultural movements that changed the methods of manufacturing of metal and textiles, the transportation system, economic policies and social structure as well. Before the Industrial Revolution, people used to live by season due to agriculture. They thrived on whatever food was in season. Now, as a result of the Industrial Revolution, we live regimented and almost everything that is made, is mass produced. I will discuss three major topics

The Impact Of Traditional Media On The Society Essay

1. Introduction and background The traditional media (print and electronic) plays an important role in the society. Bagdikian (1997) explains media is a source of education, entertainment and information. It also acts as a watchdog to protect public interest against malpractice and create public awareness. It should represent the public and speak for them. It also sets the agenda. Its responsibility is to be truthful, fair, accurate and objective. It should follow the agreed code of ethics and professional conducts. Most people most of the time acquire information from the traditional media even though the media landscape has changed drastically and they are beginning to embrace the new media (internet and digital communication technologies). Today’s traditional media has changed drastically due to various factors. Some of these factors are due to ownership, advertising and pressure and competition from the new media. Traditional media today is commercialized. To commercialize denotes making something into a business. But the word connotes corruption, meaning to emphasize the profitable aspects, especially by sacrificing quality or debasing inherent nature. Traditional media in the era of hyper-commercialism (the trend toward weaving advertising and promotion into the fabric of mainstream media and the increasing prevalence of sales and marketing in all aspects of media production and structure (Andersen and Gray, 2008)). News today is commodified. It is about publicShow MoreRelatedAdvertisement And Culture Of The Media1658 Words   |  7 Pages______________________________________________________________________________ 1. Introduction In the era of information society, media is playing a very crucial part in everyday lives. It influences both how we see ourselves and society in all perspectives. There are different kinds of media and all of them are presenting their content in more fascinating and glamorize way to influence audience. 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Effects of Outsourcing on Companies Employees and the Economy

Effects of Outsourcing Timothy Nicotera University of New Hampshire Abstract This paper will look through the effects that outsourcing has on American business, the economy, and social issues now as well as into the future. Outsourcing is a growing trend among companies large and small as an attempt to gain a competitive advantage in both local and global markets. There are both positive and negative impacts of this way of doing business that need to be realized and accounted for in order for the economy and American business to remain strong. There are future implications that have not been thoroughly analyzed and will be discovered further down the road. By using several research tools it is possible to piece together what we do†¦show more content†¦The increased capital gains also in turn make the company look more attractive to investors, buyers and stakeholders as it converts fixed costs to variable costs(stand 2009 p.1). These gains can then put more money towards more revenue based expenditures. It is much simpler and cost effective to p ass on redundant day to day maintenance chores to IT technicians outside of company. These freed up resources help companies improve their customer focus. With more adequate to manage customers their responsiveness is not only quicker but better adapted to their customer needs and wants. Companies can also lower risk by having a portion of their entity outsources to other areas. The companies that are outsourced to take over a certain amount the of risk and are often better at managing it as it’s there area of expertise (William 2003 p.1). The time saved as the company is able to focus more on its core objectives they are better able to accelerate their company into the future. With the numerous benefits of outsourcing come substantial negative side affects to the company. When outsourcing, is done overseas there is often substantial cultural barriers that must be overcome. These differences may unintentionally hinder progress as the companies may be working towards different objective. These cultural differences can cause issues between the company that’s outsourced to and the customers that they willShow MoreRelatedThe Impact of Outsourcing on the U.S. Economy Essay561 Words   |  3 Pageswhether offshore outsourcing has a positive or negative effect on the U.S. economy. It may actually depend on which perspective you take on it. As stated by Hira and Hira (2005), outsourcing in the services sector is a major shift in how the economy operates and will have serious impacts, both positive and negative, on the trajectory of economic growth, distribution of income and the workforce. However, there are many factors to take into account when cons idering globalization. Companies must familiarizeRead MoreOffshore Outsourcing Essay1693 Words   |  7 Pagesdiscuss offshore outsourcing and the effects it has on the American worker in a technology environment. We begin with the scope of the problem and how it has changed the economy for better and for worst. Various figures representing miscellaneous data about off shoring will be represented. The topics include the background and nature of offshore outsourcing, reasons for outsourcing, why trading promotes gain, current economic standing from outsourcing, and finally how outsourcing affects wages andRead MoreCompetition And Sustainability For Reducing Production Costs1467 Words   |  6 PagesCompetition and sustainability in the third-party IT contracting industry in the United States are driven by economic factors such as outsourcing, globalization, mergers, and acquisitions (Rose-Anderssen, Baldwin, Ridgway, 2011). In turn, these factors shape and transform third-pa rty IT contracting companies (Jancikova Brychta, 2009). IT outsourcing (ITO) is a business solution for reducing production costs (Desar McGee, 2010). This approach is used frequently in the operation of call centersRead More How Outsourcing Affects the Economy Essay760 Words   |  4 PagesOutsourcing is nothing new. It is a difficult issue to handle and tackle, supporters and detractors agree on one thing. That outsourcing will not be eliminated to a complete. That is why I wrote on what is outsourcing, how it affect the economy, and can it be stop. The word outsourcing can be defined in a numbers of ways depending on the type of service and the form of relationship with the supplier. Also referred to as contracting out or buying in. May be the delegation or handing over to a thirdRead MoreCompetitive Analysis of Business Cycles1301 Words   |  5 PagesBusiness information is not perfect at Wal-Mart Stores: economic experts are not dismayed or surprised with the unemployment rates at the stores. Employees at Wal-Mart stores are likely to be affected by frictional unemployment. This occurs at a result of everyday changes in the companys economic structure, which is likely to lead to the death of the firm. Employees at Wal-Mart are likely to get tired of the old bosses and old jobs. Bosses at Wal-Mart find the claim that subordinates are producing unsatisfactoryRead MoreOutsourcing Of Aviation Maintenance Practices And The Effects Of Globalization1352 Words   |  6 Pages Outsourcing of Aviation Maintenance Practices and the Effects of Globalization Matthew Wilkerson Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University Worldwide May 16, 2016 â€Æ' Abstract Within the aviation industry outsourced maintenance practices have become increasingly more prevalent to maintain current assets. 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One of the major impacts, being growth and maturity, had an effect on the BPO industry and contributed to the outsourcing companies and continued growthRead MoreDoes Globalization Only Have Adverse Effects On Large Corporations?915 Words   |  4 PagesDoes globalization only have adverse effects on large corporations? In theory this reading should provide the reder with the information that Globalization is not just a concept that effects large corporations, but also small businesses along with their employees. Through the following, effects such as, outsourcing, telecommunications, and developments in new technologies. The first adverse effect is outsourcing, this business strategy has its advantages and disadvantages, one is that it can help

Telangana free essay sample

*Andhra was the first state to be carved out (from erstwhile Madras state) on linguistic basis on 1 November, 1953. It had Kurnool town (in Rayalaseema region) as its capital after the death of Potti Sriramulu who sat on a 53-day fastunto-death demanding the new state. * The proposal for amalgamation of Hyderabad state with Andhra state came up in 1953 and the  then Chief Minister of Hyderabad state, Burgula Ramakrishna Rao, supported the Congress central leadership’s decision in this regard though there was opposition in Telangana [9] region. * Accepting the merger proposal, Andhra assembly passed a resolution on November 25, 1955 promising to safeguard the interests of Telangana. * An agreement was reached between Telangana leaders and Andhra leaders on February 20, 1956 to merge Telangana and Andhra with promises to safeguard Telangana’s interests. A â€Å"Gentlemen’s Agreement† was then signed by Bezawada Gopala Reddy and Burgula Ramakrishna Rao to the effect. * Eventually, under the States Re-organisation Act, Telugu-speaking areas of Hyderabad state were merged with Andhra state, giving birth to the state of Andhra Pradesh on 1 November, 1956. We will write a custom essay sample on Telangana or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page * The city of Hyderabad, the then capital of Hyderabad state, was made the capital of Andhra Pradesh state. * In 1969, an agitation began in Telangana region as people protested the failure to implement the Gentlemen’s Agreement and other safeguards properly. * Marri Channa Reddy launched the Telangana Praja Samiti espousing the cause of a separate state. The agitation intensified and turned violent with students in the forefront of the struggle and about 300 of them were killed in violence and police firing that ensued. * Following several rounds of talks with leaders of the two regions, the then Prime Minister Indira Gandhi came up with an eight-point plan on April 12, 1969. Telangana leaders rejected the plan and protests continued under the aegis of Telangana Praja Samiti. * In 1972, Jai Andhra movement started in Andhra-Rayalaseema regions as a counter to Telangana struggle. www.firstpost.com/politics/from-1948-to-2013-a-brief-history-of-the-telangana-movement-998093.html 2/5 29/11/2013 From 1948 to 2013: A brief history of the Telangana movement | Firstpost * On September 21, 1973, a political settlement was reached with the Centre and a 6-point formula put in place to placate people of the two regions. * In 1985, employees from Telangana region cried foul over appointments in government departments and complained about ‘injustice’ done to people of the region. The then Telugu Desam Party government, headed by N T Rama Rao, brought out a Government Order to safeguard the interests of Telangana people in government employment. * Till 1999, there was no demand from any quarters for division of the state on regional lines. * In 1999, Congress demanded creation of Telangana state. Congress was then smarting under crushing defeats in successive elections to the state Assembly and Parliament with the ruling Telugu Desam Party in an unassailable position. * Yet another chapter opened in the struggle for Telangana when Kalvakuntla Chandrasekhar Rao, who was seething over denial of Cabinet berth in the Chandrababu Naidu government, walked out of TDP and launched Telangana Rashtra Samiti on 27 April, 2001. * Following pressure applied by Telangana Congress leaders, the Central Working Committee of Congress in 2001 sent a resolution to the then NDA government seeking constitution of a second States Re-organisation Commission to look into Telangana state demand, which was rejected by the then Union Home Minister L K Advani saying smaller states were â€Å"neither viable nor conducive† to integrity of the country. *TRS started gradually building the movement for a separate state. * Congress forged an electoral alliance with TRS by promising to create Telangana state.  Congress came to power in 2004, both in the state and at the Centre, and TRS became part of the coalition governments at both places. *** Protesting delay in carving out the separate state, TRS quit the  coalition governments in the state and at the Centre in December 2006 and continued an www.firstpost.com/politics/from-1948-to-2013-a-brief-history-of-the-telangana-movement-998093.html 3/5 29/11/2013 From 1948 to 2013: A brief history of the Telangana movement | Firstpost independent fight. * In October 2008, TDP changed its stance and declared support for bifurcation of the state. * TRS launched an indefinite hunger-strike on 29 November, 2009 demanding creation of Telangana. The Centre budged and came out with an announcement on 9 December, 2009 that it was â€Å"initiating the process for formation of Telangana state†. * But the Centre announced on 23 December, 2009 that it was putting Telangana issue on hold. This fanned protests across Telangana with some students ending their lives for a separate state. The Centre then constituted a five-member Committee on 3 February, 2010, headed by former judge Srikrishna, to look into statehood demand. The Committee submitted its report to the Centre on 30 December, 2010. * Telagana region witnessed a series of agitations like the Million March, Chalo Assembly and Sakalajanula Samme (general strike) in 2011-12 while MLAs belonging to different parties quit from the House.

What does Shakespeare use to make Act One, Scene Five of Romeo and Juliet an effective piece of drama Essay Example

What does Shakespeare use to make Act One, Scene Five of Romeo and Juliet an effective piece of drama Essay Romeo and Juliet is one of the most well known plays that there has ever been, and included in the play is the very famous line; O Romeo, Romeo, wherefore art thou Romeo? These legendary plays and lines show just how excellent Shakespeares works are.William Shakespeare was born in 1564, died in 1616. In his lifetime he wrote thirty-seven plays in total and became a renowned playwright. Romeo and Juliet was the second tragedy written, and it was probably written at about 1599, and was the second of his tragedies. Like all the plays of Shakespeare, Romeo and Juliet was written for a typical Elizabethan playhouse. These theatres came about from 1576, when the first theatre was built.Before this time, plays had been performed by a group of actors (all male) who travelled from town to town, using open places, such as inn-yards, or with permission, the hall of a noble house as a theatre. Shakespeares own theatre the Globe was quite typical of that period. It was hexagonal in shape, with th ree roofed galleries that encircled an open courtyard. The stage, which was quite plain and high, projected into the yard, where the standing audience surrounded it. At the rear of the stage were two doors at either side for the entrances and exits of the actors, and above the doors was a balcony that could by used by musicians or for scenes on an upper level. Over the stage was a thatched roof supported by pillars called the heavens.It could be used to lover characters from during the play. Underneath was a space that could be used by characters ascending and descending through a trap door in the stage. The costumes and properties were kept backstage in the tiring house. There was little scenery, so the audience had to use their imagination, but the actors did dress lavishly, often wearing second hand clothes that were bestowed by rich patrons. Since the plays had no scenery, and were always acted in the afternoon Shakespeare describes the scene in detail to the audience using the characters speech.Romeo and Juliet is a story of two star-crossed lovers, who fall in love at first sight, secretly married and then were suddenly separated. To get back together a magic potion is used, which simulated death, but a communication problem causes disaster. Romeo and Juliet are children of opposing families, the Montagues, and the Capulets. The families have an ancient grudge, but over the death of Romeo Montague and Juliet Capulet at the end of the play, the families forget the quarrelling and become friends.It is set in Verona, Italy in the time period of the Renaissance. All of Shakespeares plays were based on something. In this play, Shakespeare has based it almost entirely on the poem The Tragicall History of Romeus and Juliet by Arthur Brooke. The play is not, however, just a simple adaptation. Although it follows the plot, Shakespeare has taken bits of the poem and made whatever alterations he though fit. Also the action is speeded up only giving one night of mar ried love, whereas the poem gives three months.The materials studied are the script of Romeo and Juliet, and Baz Luchrmans Version on video. Act One Scene Five is an extremely important scene in the play, because without this scene Romeo would have never had met Juliet and fallen in love with her, and the play might not end in tragedy. In this scene the Capulets are having a party. Romeo sees Juliet for the first time, they kiss and fall in love, and Tybalt sees Romeo and vows he will never forget him being at the party: Later on in the play Tybalt fights Romeo, but then gets killed himself.There are three important themes from the play, which are strongly presented in this scene: Love, fate and hate. These help to increase dramatic intensity at certain points throughout the scene and keep the audience interested. The theme of love and fate appears strongly, in the fact that Romeo and Juliet kiss. This also shows that Romeo is very flirtatious. All of the themes can be captured when Romeo sees Juliet for the first time. At this moment Romeo sees Juliet and describes how she doth teach the torches to burn bright. This is saying that she is more beautiful than anything. Romeo uses this descriptive language because a boy would have played Juliet, in the Elizabethan period, and the audience would have had to imagine how beautiful Juliet should look. In addition, at the very same time Tybalt, a rival Capulet, sees Romeo at the party and recognises by his voice should be a Montague.In the video Romeo sees Juliet dancing on the dance floor from the top of some stairs while Tybalt sees Romeo from the bottom of the stairs. This gives a huge amount of dramatic intensity, by not just the fact that Romeo has just fallen in love, but also that he has been recognised by Tybalt, who absolutely despises the Montagues. At this moment it keeps the audience in suspense and they are asking whether or not Tybalt will challenge him, and get him out, and how he will meet Juliet.Shak espeare has structured this scene to keep the audience in suspense from beginning to end. The scene starts off with the audience wondering whether or not Romeo will get caught going to the rival familys party. From here onwards the mood alternates between good and bad right the way through to the end. Next Romeo sees Juliet for the first time, this makes the audience think that they will fall in love without any further problems, but Tybalt recognises Romeo. This makes the audience think it has taken a turn for the worst and that Romeo will have to fight Tybalt, but Capulet wont let Tybalt start it because he doesnt want to ruin the party. This gives a huge sense of relief that everything will be okay.Then the scene climaxes, where Romeo and Juliet meet, fall in love, and kiss, but the happiness is crushed when Romeo and Juliet both find out that they are from rival families. The audience already knows it though, but it doesnt really make an impact until Romeo and Juliet find out, a nd know that there may be trouble ahead. Shakespeare manipulates the mood of the scene by using this structure.Dramatic techniques are used to increase and decrease dramatic intensity and tension, to keep the audience interested, and to help to manipulate the mood of the scene. At the beginning the grandiosity of the party is created through a number of factors. At the very beginning, the servants are rushing around trying to get everything ready. This shows that the party will be huge, seen as they are struggling to get it ready in time. When all the guests enter Capulet speaks to everyone:Welcome gentlemen. Ladies that have their toesUnplagued with corns will walk a bout with youNotice that Capulet speaks in verse. This shows that he is very grand, and so his party must be also. The costume also shows how grand the party is. Dramatic techniques are used especially in the parts that include Romeo and Juliet. When Romeo first sees Juliet he describes her in lots of detail. He praise s her for her beauty too rich for use and that Did my heart love till now? Romeo is saying how beautiful Juliet is, and questions whether he did love before he saw her. This creates a romantic feel to the scene. In the video, when Romeo and Juliet kiss, it happens in an elevator.This gives a sense that they are in their own world, together but free from the outside. Also there is no music or other sounds, which help to give it an increased sense of dramatic intensity, and to show that it is a very special moment of the play. The use of stage directions helps to keep the scene moving, so that there arent any pauses. As the characters finish speaking, they move off into the party to join in with festivities. This also gives the feeling that even though the stage is still, that the focus is moving throughout the party, its like moving a camera across the whole party and stopping to hear what people are saying.When Tybalt leaves in a sulk the mood is lightened, because Romeo is no longe r under threat from him, and so it gets the audience to focus now more on what Romeo and Juliet are doing, and not something else around them. Also, when the party ends it says, Exeunt all except Juliet and Nurse. This to finish off the scene, the jolly, fun atmosphere of the party has left, and now the atmosphere is less happy. This is where Juliet finds out that Romeo is a Montague. This is devastating news for Juliet, and it brings her back down to earth from the party atmosphere to really focus on how this is affecting her life. It also gets the audience to focus on it, as well.The characters are represented quite well in this scene. Each of the characters main traits is exploited in this scene. Romeo is portrayed as flirtatious, romantic, and quite lovesick. Juliet is shown to be very romantic, love struck, and somehow high on love. This scene brings out the horrible side of Tybalt, and how he despises the Montague family. In the video each of the characters are portrayed by th e costume that they wear to the party. Juliet has an angel costume on, which shows that she is innocent, and very nice. Romeo has a knight costume on. It portrays him as the knight in shining armour, who has come to rescue Juliet.Tybalt is dressed like the devils, showing that he is evil and has many grudges, while Capulet is dresses like an emperor to show his importance, magnificence, splendour and power. These costumes help to recognise what the character is like, and whom they might like or hate. Capulet makes a speech at the beginning, welcoming the guests. This shows that he is the host, and that he is keen to get the guest in when he says You are welcome, gentlemen. Come musicians play. Tybalt reports that an enemy to the family is at the party, but Capulet refuses for Tybalt to get rid of him. This shows that Capulet is very proud of his reputation, and he doesnt want to spoil it. Tybalt on the other hand doesnt care; he just wants Romeo out.Shakespeare uses language as a wa y of helping to change the mood of the scene, enhancing ideas, and drawing attention to someone or something. At the very beginning, when the servants are readying for the feast they are using short sentences, and lots of exclamations. This helps to give a sense of hurry and urgency. Shakespeare uses similes to draw attention to a point. For example, when Romeo first sees Juliet he says she is Like a rich jewel in an Ethiops ear. He is using a simile to say how precious she is. It draws attention to the fact that she is so precious that nothing can match her radiance and beauty. Shakespeare also uses metaphors to increase tension. When Romeo and Juliet meet. Romeo comments My lips two blushing pilgrims ready stand. He is saying that his lips are pilgrims, and that they have come to worship, or kiss, Juliet.In the play Shakespeare uses three styles of writing. The main part of the play is written in lines of ten syllables, with a repeated even pattern of weak and strong beats. Shakes peare varies the rhythm to keep the play interesting. Often he changes the pattern of the beats slightly, but also sometimes finishes not at the end of a line, but in the middle. This means the play has a rhythm, but most of the lines do not rhyme, this is blank verse. It is usually used by noble characters that are given elevated speech to show their feelings and moods. For example when Capulet is talking to Tybalt he saysShow a fair presence, and put off these frowns,An ill-beseeming semblance for a feastThis is in blank verse, as the lines dont rhyme, and it shows he is noble. Sometimes Shakespeare uses rhymed verse, where the lines rhyme. This is often used to signal the ending of scenes, for example at the end of the scene the nurse says,Anon, anon!Come lets away, the strangers are all gone.This rhyming couplet signals the end of the scene. Rhymed verse can also be used for heightened dramatical effect. For example, where Juliet finds out that Romeo is a Montague she says,My on ly love sprung from my only hate,Too early seen unknown, and known too late!This draws attention to the fact that Juliet is devastated by the news, and it emphasises her feelings. The pattern of rhymed verse is taken form a sonnet. This is popular form of love poems. Shakespeare uses this effect when the characters are talking about love. When Romeo and Juliet meet they both say sonnet. This gives the feeling that they are one, and that they are finishing lines for each other. It also gives heightened intensity and excitement, and it shows that something important is happening; they are falling in love. Characters of all ranks use prose, which is ordinary language. Mostly uneducated characters use it.It can be used for comical exchanges between characters, for plot development and for speech that lacks dramatic intensity. The nurse speaks in prose because she is quite uneducated, and fills in on some information, like the fact that Romeo is a Montague to Juliet. These techniques wou ld appeal to the audience because it helps define ranks, and puns can be used. This would keep the audience interested and excited. This also helps the audience to feel the emotions that the audience are going through, and it helps the audience to get a vivid picture of what is happening.In conclusion I think that Act One Scene Five is a very effective piece of drama. It combines a range of techniques to capture the audience, and keep them interested throughout. The variation in language not only helps the audience to define ranks, and feel the emotions the characters are going through, but also to keep the audience interested throughout the scene and to give variation to the language. In the video, the scene is presented using modern techniques to enhance Shakespeares original techniques, and to update it rather. Overall it is an excellent piece of drama.